JEE AND NEET PREPARATION

• Amniocentesis is banned for sex determination.

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5. Principles of Inheritance
• Mendel proposed laws of inheritance.
• Genes are located on chromosomes.
• Test cross reveals genotype.

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6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• DNA is a double helical structure.
• Replication is semi-conservative.
• Genetic code is universal and degenerate.

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7. Evolution
• Evolution is gradual change.
• Homologous organs indicate common ancestry.

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8. Health & Disease
• Pathogens cause diseases.
• AIDS is caused by HIV.
• Vaccination induces immunity.

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9. Microbes
• Microbes are used in antibiotics.
• Yeast is used in fermentation.

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10. Biotechnology
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA.
• PCR amplifies DNA segments.

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11. Organisms & Population
• Population density changes due to birth and death.
• Carrying capacity limits growth.

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12. Ecosystem
• Energy flow is unidirectional.
• Decomposers recycle nutrients.

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13. Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is richness of species.
• Hotspots have high endemism.

⸻

14. Environmental Issues
• Global warming due to greenhouse gases.
• Ozone depletion due to CFCs.

⸻

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👉 NCERT lines = direct questions
👉 Statement MCQs = exact wording matters

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👉 ये वही direct lines / facts हैं जिनसे statement-based MCQs बनते हैं
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⸻

🧬 CLASS 11 – BIOLOGY

1. The Living World
• Growth is an increase in mass and number.
• Metabolism is a defining feature of living organisms.
• Reproduction is not a defining property.
• Scientific names are italicised (Genus capital, species small).

⸻

2. Biological Classification
• Five kingdom classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker.
• Viruses are obligate parasites.
• Mycoplasma is the smallest living cell.
• Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes.

⸻

3. Plant Kingdom
• Algae are mostly aquatic and photosynthetic.
• Bryophytes are amphibians of plant kingdom.
• Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants.
• Gymnosperms have naked seeds.
• Angiosperms show double fertilisation.

⸻

4. Animal Kingdom
• Porifera have cellular level of organisation.
• Cnidaria show tissue level organisation.
• Platyhelminthes are acoelomate.
• Arthropoda is the largest phylum.
• Chordates have notochord at some stage.

⸻

5. Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Root cap protects the root tip.
• Venation is the arrangement of veins in leaves.
• Flower is a modified shoot.
• Placentation is the arrangement of ovules.

⸻

6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Vascular bundles in dicot stem are open.
• Monocot stem vascular bundles are scattered.
• Xylem conducts water and minerals.
• Phloem transports food.

⸻

7. Structural Organisation in Animals
• Epithelium rests on basement membrane.
• Blood is a connective tissue.
• Cardiac muscles are involuntary and branched.

⸻

8. Cell: Structure & Function
• Cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.
• Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis.
• Mitochondria are semi-autonomous.
• Lysosomes are suicidal bags.

⸻

9. Biomolecules
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
• DNA is a genetic material in most organisms.
• Glycosidic, peptide, ester bonds present.

⸻

10. Cell Cycle & Division
• Interphase is metabolically active.
• Mitosis maintains chromosome number.
• Meiosis produces haploid gametes.

⸻

11. Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
• Light reaction occurs in grana.
• Calvin cycle occurs in stroma.
• RuBisCO is the most abundant enzyme.

⸻

12. Respiration in Plants
• Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm.
• Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria.
• Anaerobic respiration yields less ATP.

⸻

13. Plant Growth & Development
• Auxins promote cell elongation.
• Gibberellins promote stem elongation.
• ABA is a growth inhibitor.
• Ethylene is gaseous hormone.

⸻

14. Digestion & Absorption
• Digestion is mechanical and chemical.
• Small intestine is the major site of absorption.
• Bile has no enzymes.

⸻

15. Breathing & Exchange of Gases
• Alveoli increase surface area.
• Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin.
• CO₂ transport mostly as bicarbonate.

⸻

16. Body Fluids & Circulation
• Heart is mesodermal in origin.
• Humans have double circulation.
• Platelets help in blood clotting.

⸻

17. Excretory Products
• Kidney is the main excretory organ.
• Nephron is the functional unit.
• ADH increases water reabsorption.

⸻

18. Locomotion & Movement
• Skeletal muscles are voluntary.
• Actin and myosin cause contraction.

⸻

19. Neural Control
• Neuron is structural and functional unit.
• Cerebellum controls balance.
• Medulla controls respiration.

⸻

20. Chemical Coordination
• Pituitary is the master gland.
• Insulin deficiency causes diabetes.
• Thyroxine regulates metabolism.

⸻

🧬 CLASS 12 – BIOLOGY

1. Reproduction in Organisms
• Asexual reproduction produces clones.
• Sexual reproduction involves gamete fusion.

⸻

2. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
• Microsporogenesis forms pollen grains.
• Double fertilisation is unique to angiosperms.

⸻

3. Human Reproduction
• Spermatogenesis starts at puberty.
• Menstrual cycle averages 28 days.

⸻

4. Reproductive Health
• Contraceptives prevent pregnancy.

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